Все работает:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(function() {
$('tr').has('div.check').css({background : '#f00'})
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<tr>
<td><div class="check">aaaaaaaa</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div class="check">aaaaaaaa</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div class="nocheck">aaaaaaaa</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div class="check">aaaaaaaa</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>