Вы его воткнули в документ маленькой крохой и пытаетесь масштабировать, забывая о том, что он в рамках объекта.
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width: 600px;
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<script>
scale.oninput = (a) => document.querySelector('div.box').style.width = a.target.value + 'px';
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Здесь документ имеет размер svg (изменено) и масштабирование посредством css по родителю.
