Умное Кеширование и Версионность в Javascript/CSS
Подключая внешние CSS и Javascript, мы хотим снизить до минимума лишние HTTP-запросы.
Для этого .js и .css файлы отдаются с заголовками, обеспечивающими надежное кеширование.
Но что делать, когда какой-то из этих файлов меняется в процессе разработки? У всех пользователей в кеше старый вариант - пока кеш не устарел, придет масса жалоб на сломанную интеграцию серверной и клиентской части.
Правильный способ кеширования и версионности полностью избавляет от этой проблемы и обеспечивает надежную, прозрачную синхронизацию версий стиля/скрипта.
Самый простой способ кеширования статических ресурсов - использование ETag .
Достаточно включить соответствующую настройку сервера (для Apache включена по умолчанию) - и к каждому файлу в заголовках будет даваться ETag - хеш, который зависит от времени обновления, размера файла и (на inode-based файловых системах) inode.
Браузер кеширует такой файл и при последующих запросах указывет заголовок If-None-Match с ETag кешированного документа. Получив такой заголовок, сервер может ответить кодом 304 - и тогда документ будет взят из кеша.
Выглядит это так:
- Первый запрос к серверу (кеш чистый)
-
GET /misc/pack.js HTTP/1.1
Host: javascript.ru
Вообще, браузер обычно добавляет еще пачку заголовоков типа User-Agent, Accept и т.п. Для краткости они порезаны.
- Ответ сервера
- Сервер посылает в ответ документ c кодом 200 и ETag:
HTTP/1.x 200 OK
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Type: text/javascript; charset=utf-8
Etag: "3272221997"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 23321
Date: Fri, 02 May 2008 17:22:46 GMT
Server: lighttpd
- Следующий запрос браузера
-
При следующем запросе браузер добавляет
If-None-Match : (кешированный ETag ):
GET /misc/pack.js HTTP/1.1
Host: javascript.ru
If-None-Match: "453700005"
- Ответ сервера
-
Сервер смотрит - ага, документ не изменился. Значит можно выдать код 304 и не посылать документ заново.
HTTP/1.x 304 Not Modified
Content-Encoding: gzip
Etag: "453700005"
Content-Type: text/javascript; charset=utf-8
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2008 10:17:11 GMT
Альтернативный вариант - если документ изменился, тогда сервер просто посылает 200 с новым ETag .
Аналогичным образом работает связка Last-Modified + If-Modified-Since :
- сервер посылает дату последней модификации в заголовке
Last-Modified (вместо ETag )
- браузер кеширует документ, и при следующем запросе того же документа посылает дату закешированной версии в заголовке
If-Modified-Since (вместо If-None-Match )
- сервер сверяет даты, и если документ не изменился - высылает только код 304, без содержимого.
Эти способы работают стабильно и хорошо, но браузеру в любом случае приходится делать по запросу для каждого скрипта или стиля.
Общий подход для версионности - в двух словах:
- Во все скрипты добавляется версия (или дата модификации). Например, http://javascript.ru/my.js превратится в http://javascript.ru/my.v1.2.js
- Все скрипты жестко кешируются браузером
- При обновлении скрипта версия меняется на новую: http://javascript.ru/my.v2.0.js
- Адрес изменился, поэтому браузер запросит и закеширует файл заново
- Старая версия 1.2 постепенно выпадет из кеша
Дальше мы разберем, как сделать этот процесс автоматическим и прозрачным.
Жесткое кеширование - своего рода кувалда которая полностью прибивает запросы к серверу для кешированных документов.
Для этого достаточно добавить заголовки Expires и Cache-Control: max-age.
Например, чтобы закешировать на 365 дней в PHP:
header("Expires: ".gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time()+86400*365)." GMT");
header("Cache-Control: max-age="+86400*365);
Или можно закешировать контент надолго, используя mod_header в Apache:
Header add "Expires" "Mon, 28 Jul 2014 23:30:00 GMT"
Header add "Cache-Control" "max-age=315360000"
Получив такие заголовки, браузер жестко закеширует документ надолго. Все дальнейшие обращения к документу будут напрямую обслуживаться из кеша браузера, без обращения к серверу.
Большинство браузеров (Opera, Internet Explorer 6+, Safari) НЕ кешируют документы, если в адресе есть вопросительный знак, т.к считают их динамическими.
Именно поэтому мы добавляем версию в имя файла. Конечно, с такими адресами приходится использовать решение типа mod_rewrite, мы это рассмотрим дальше в статье.
P.S А вот Firefox кеширует адреса с вопросительными знаками..
Разберем, как автоматически и прозрачно менять версии, не переименовывая при этом сами файлы.
Самое простое - это превратить имя с версией в оригинальное имя файла.
На уровне Apache это можно сделать mod_rewrite:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/(.*\.)v[0-9.]+\.(css|js|gif|png|jpg)$ /$1$2 [L]
Такое правило обрабатывает все css/js/gif/png/jpg-файлы, вырезая из имени версию.
Например:
/images/logo.v2.gif -> /images/logo.gif
/css/style.v1.27.css -> /css/style.css
/javascript/script.v6.js -> /javascript/script.js
Но кроме вырезания версии - надо еще добавлять заголовки жесткого кеширования к файлам. Для этого используются директивы mod_header:
Header add "Expires" "Mon, 28 Jul 2014 23:30:00 GMT"
Header add "Cache-Control" "max-age=315360000"
А все вместе реализует вот такой апачевый конфиг:
RewriteEngine on
# убирает версию, и заодно ставит переменную что файл версионный
RewriteRule ^/(.*\.)v[0-9.]+\.(css|js|gif|png|jpg)$ /$1$2 [L,E=VERSIONED_FILE:1]
# жестко кешируем версионные файлы
Header add "Expires" "Mon, 28 Jul 2014 23:30:00 GMT" env=VERSIONED_FILE
Header add "Cache-Control" "max-age=315360000" env=VERSIONED_FILE
Из-за порядка работы модуля mod_rewrite, RewriteRule нужно поставить в основной конфигурационный файл httpd.conf или в подключаемые к нему(include) файлы, но ни в коем случае не в .htaccess , иначе команды Header будут запущены первыми, до того, как установлена переменная VERSIONED_FILE .
Директивы Header могут быть где угодно, даже в .htaccess - без разницы.
Как ставить версию в имя скрипта - зависит от Вашей шаблонной системы и, вообще, способа добавлять скрипты (стили и т.п.).
Например, при использовании даты модификации в качестве версии и шаблонизатора Smarty - ссылки можно ставить так:
<link href="{version src='/css/group.css'}" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
Функция version добавляет версию:
function smarty_version($args){
$stat = stat($GLOBALS['config']['site_root'].$args['src']);
$version = $stat['mtime'];
echo preg_replace('!\.([a-z]+?)$!', ".v$version.\$1", $args['src']);
}
Результат на странице:
<link href="/css/group.v1234567890.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
Чтобы избежать лишних вызовов stat , можно хранить массив со списком текущих версий в отдельной переменной
$versions['css'] = array(
'group.css' => '1.1',
'other.css' => '3.0',
}
В этом случае в HTML просто подставляется текущая версия из массива.
Можно скрестить оба подхода, и выдавать во время разработки версию по дате модификации - для актуальности, а в продакшн - версию из массива, для производительности.
Такой способ кеширования работает везде, включая Javascript, CSS, изображения, flash-ролики и т.п.
Он полезен всегда, когда документ изменяется, но в браузере всегда должна быть текущая актуальная версия.
|
браузеры не кэшируют вопросики только если не переданы заголовки регулирующие кэширование.
.ня
Современная ситуация такова что прокси хуже кешируют вопросики. С браузерами сейчас все в порядке.
Read more here
https://google.com
Try this
https://google.com
https://google.com
https://google.com
google.com
да, и обратная сторона медали - необходимость грохать полностраничный кэш при изменении хотябы одного ресурса. плюс мы не можем экспортировать наши ресурсы на сторонние страницы ( чужие или генерируемые на машинках не имеющих быстрых способов получения актуальных версий ресурсов ).
.ня
Сейчас очень мало ресурсов, где жестко кешируется все HTML-страница.
Но даже если она кешируется по ETag/Last-Modified - то метод замечательно работает.
Конечно, эти ETag/Last-Modified должны обновляться при изменении версии ресурса.
более оптимальное кэширование:
устанавливаем время кэширования в несколько секунд и прячемся за проксёй, которая, соответственно, будет стучаться к нам не чаще чем раз в несколько секунд, а клиенту быстро отдавать 304 или новый контент.
и не надо изобретать велосипед...
.ня
Метод, описанный в этой статье, направлен на то, чтобы полностью избежать лишних запросов с клиента.
В результате страницы грузятся быстрее, т.к меньше запросов.
Этот способ принципиально отличается по характеристикам от того, что ты описал в комментарии, даже сравнивать нельзя.
нифига. в твоём случае после изменения одного ресурса пользователю приходится грузить новую страницу целиком, хотя её контент собственно и не изменился.
в моём - будет загружен только изменившийся ресурс, а вместо страницы будет отдан 304 ответ.
так вот, что быстрее?
1) ревалидировать и загрузить страницу, загрузить ресурс. на каждую загрузку уходит куча хттп-пакетов
2) ревалидировать страницу, ревалидировать все ресурсы, загрузить ресурс. на каждую ревалидацию уходит всего один хттп-пакет
очевидно, что во втором случае пользователь быстрее увидит страницу, если она не изменилась. а вот скорость загрузки изменившегося ресурса в зависимости от ситуации может быть как быстрее, так и медленнее.
ps: ситуацию с сотнями ресурсов я естественно не рассматриваю...
pps: напомню, что все браузеры поддерживают постоянные хттп-соединения...
.ня
Совершенно с тобой согласен. Это разные методы и у них разные характеристики.
Лично я никогда не использую полностраничное кеширование, поэтому даже не стал рассматривать такой случай.
Спасибо за комментарий.
На медленном инете (wifi или gprs) или на просто глючном инете (например, p2p сеть задействовала тысящи запросов и плюс канал забит по максимуму) бывает так, что какой-нть форум загрузится, а css не может, хотя он 100% сидит в кеше. В результате форум отрисован в Times New Roman . Иногда css таки подгружается через 5-10 секунд, а иногда так и остается.
Способ, описанный в статье, как раз избавляет от этого недуга.
У меня вопрос. я создаю страницу которая периодически обновляется, поэтому кэширование не желательно. но в сранице используется скрипт prototype.js который весит почти 100 кб. в несколько раз больше чем вся страница. можно ли как то на долго кешировать именно этот скрипт, а остальную страницу не кешировать?
Можно пропиши в .htaccess в хэдерах для этого prototype.js Expired большой.
Читай статью.
можно. копай в сторону http headers и .htaccess,
.ня
Прописал этот код на сервере:
RewriteEngine on
# убирает версию, и заодно ставит переменную что файл версионный
RewriteRule ^/(.*\.)v[0-9.]+\.(css|js|gif|png|jpg)$ /$1$2 [L,E=VERSIONED_FILE:1]
# жестко кешируем версионные файлы
Header add "Expires" "Mon, 28 Jul 2014 23:30:00 GMT" env=VERSIONED_FILE
Header add "Cache-Control" "max-age=315360000" env=VERSIONED_FILE
Сервер ругается, что у Header должно быть всего три параметра: действие, заголовок и содержание заголовка. Исполнять не хочет.
У нас получается четыре параметра.
И что делать?
Проверьте версию apache..
Выдержка из http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_headers.html
Syntax: Header [condition] set|append|merge|add|unset|echo|edit header [value] [early|env=[!]variable]
P.S В 2.0 такая запись тоже вроде пашет.
Да вот в том-то и хрень, наверное... У хостера облазил всё - нет намёка на версию...
Только по переданным заголовкам увидел, что Apache 1.3.37...
У него, я так понял, не работает эта штука...
оо... сколько ништяков!
в смысле полезной информации
> Аналогичным образом работает связка Last-Modified + If-Modified-Since
Браво, я бы сказал это самое краткое и понятное описание из того, что читал в сети.
Еще стоит рассмотреть изменение имени по хешу файла и кодирование его в 36-ричной системе (для краткости).
Достоинства:
- "версия" зависит от реального содержимого (т.е. возможен и возврат к старой версии скрипта с использованием старого кэша браузера);
- нет зависимости от времени изменения файла;
- увеличение безопасности (для запроса файла нужно знать его хеш, а не просто имя).
Недостатки:
- при переформатировании скрипта изменится его хеш (но эта ситуация (переформатирование), на мой взгляд, мало вероятна);
- при изменении только скрипта изменится и текст страницы (для исправления ошибок только в скрипте можно предусмотреть специальный механизм, но сомневаюсь, что это сильно нужно).
+10 za statyu...
Все вроде бы так да не так.
Например нажав в firefoxe кнопку reload firefox все равно шлет НА ВСЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ ЗАПРОС забивая на кеширование. В ответ конечно получает 306 но тем не менее зачем то запросы шлет.
Да, так работает релоад в Firefox. А еще можно нажать Ctrl-F5, и он вообще все запросит на 200. Только это ведь релоады. А при хождении по страницам все работает ок.
но и это еще не все.
достаточно закрыть тот же фаерфокс хотя бы на 20 минут. И он опять по новой выгребает ВСЕ.
У меня Жесткое кеширование не работает.
Каждый раз опять загружаются файлы.
Пишу в начале кода
Небольшое исправление в правило:
RewriteRule ^/(.*\.)v[0-9\.]+\.(css|js|gif|png|jpg)$ /$1$2 [L,E=VERSIONED_FILE:1]
(добавлена косая черта '\' перед '.'). Позволит правильно обработать запросы типа my-js.v1.1.js, my-js.v1.1.1.js и т.п.
А статья суперская, все получилось и работает (я на VDS под Linux).
А куда такие header'ы вписывать, если нужно, предположим, js-файл закэшировать? В сам файл с JS?
Можно переименовать .js в .php и добавить в начало скрипта php-код с соответствующими заголовками:
В примере ошибка, нужно использовать именно
max-age=".(86400*365)
вместо
max-age="+86400*365
Доброго времени суток!
Хочу сначала выразить огромную благодарность за проделаную работу на пути к просвитлению тьмы!
Вопрос (возможно я чет не до понял, а скорее всего так и есть):
мне нужно чтобы браузер не кешировал мое изображение в анимации, как это правильно прописать?
А можно еще
href=css/style.css?ver=1.0
При изменении файла css в подключающем файле просто меняется номер версии, и браузер его обновляет без вопросов
А нельзя поменять порядок с помощью order?
Не всегда есть возможность использовать главные конфиг-файлы
У меня стоит следующая задача:
Есть статические js-файлы в хедере страницы. Развернуто веб-приложение из этой одной страницы (html), которое является лишь частью всего большого проекта на ASP.NET.
Необходимо, чтобы работало кеширование без запроса на сервер даже с проверкой модификации. Т.е. чтобы обновить приложение можно было, если почистить кеш браузера. При этом сервер IIS 7, который конфигурировать его нельзя. В ASP.NET тоже вклиниваться нежелательно.
Решение пока не нашел.
народ, может кто подскажет как в ие 8 с помощью javascript чистить кеш?
или может у кого завалялась ссылочка на эту тему ), буду очень признателен
Здравствуйте,
Вы не могли бы подсказать, возможно ли с помощю подобной функции
(может как либо измененной):
function smarty_version($args){
$stat = stat($GLOBALS['config']['site_root'].$args['src']);
$version = $stat['mtime'];
echo preg_replace('!\.([a-z]+?)$!', ".v$version.\$1", $args['src']);
}
дополнить версиями картинки (jpeg, pnp), что на странице?
Или если есть какая то другая?
Буду ОЧЕНЬ благодарен!
Вопрос (возможно я чет не до понял, а скорее всего так и есть): super mario bros
мне нужно чтобы браузер не кешировал мое изображение в анимации, как это правильно прописать?
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