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10 лучших функций на JavaScript

Переписанный вариант статьи Дастина Диаза

Если бы существовал универсальный файл common.js, которым пользовались бы все разработчики, вы бы нашли там эти десять (плюс одна бонусная) функций.

UPDATE март 2010: Эта статья была обновлена и переписана, чтобы соответствовать сегодняшнему дню и общему уровню сайта.

Эти функции неоднократно были испытаны и доказали свою полезность всем тем, кто их использовал. Поэтому, без лишних вступлений, вот список из десяти, по моему мнению, величайших пользовательских функций на JavaScript, которые используются в настоящее время.

Современные яваскрипт-фреймворки, конечно же, умеют все эти функции. Но иногда нужно сделать что-то без фреймворка. По разным причинам. Для этого и предназначен данный сборник полезных функций

Несомненно, важнейший инструмент в управлении событиями! Вне зависимости от того, какой версией вы пользуетесь и кем она написана, она делает то, что написано у неё в названии: присоединяет к элементу обработчик события.

function addEvent(elem, evType, fn) {
	if (elem.addEventListener) {
		elem.addEventListener(evType, fn, false);
	}
	else if (elem.attachEvent) {
		elem.attachEvent('on' + evType, fn)
	}
	else {
		elem['on' + evType] = fn
	}
}

Этот код обладает двумя достоинствами - он простой и кросс-браузерный.

Основной его недостаток - в том, он не передает this в обработчик для IE. Точнее, этого не делает attachEvent.

Для передачи правильного this можно заменить соответствующую строку addEvent на:

elem.attachEvent("on"+evType, function() { fn.apply(elem) })

Это решит проблему с передачей this, но обработчик никак нельзя будет снять, т.к. detachEvent должен вызывать в точности ту функцию, которая была передана attachEvent.

Существует два варианта обхода проблемы:

  1. Возвращать функцию, использованную для назначения обработчика:
    function addEvent(elem, evType, fn) {
    	if (elem.addEventListener) {
    		elem.addEventListener(evType, fn, false)
                    return fn
    	}
    
            iefn = function() { fn.call(elem) } 
            elem.attachEvent('on' + evType, iefn)
    	return iefn
    }
    
    function removeEvent(elem, evType, fn) {
    	if (elem.addEventListener) {
    		elem.removeEventListener(evType, fn, false)
                    return
    	}
     
            elem.detachEvent('on' + evType, fn)
    }
    

    Используется так:

    function handler() { 
        alert(this) 
    }
    var fn = addEvent(elem, "click", handler)
    ...
    removeEvent(elem, "click", fn)
    
  2. Можно не использовать this в обработчике события вообще, а передавать элемент через замыкание:

    function handler() { 
       // используем не this, а переменную, ссылающуюся на элемент
        alert(*!*elem*/!*) 
    }
    ...
    

В качестве альтернативы и для примера более серьезной библиотеки обработки событий вы можете рассмотреть статью Кросс-браузерное добавление и обработка событий.

Для инициализации страницы исторически использовалось событие window.onload, которое срабатывает после полной загрузки страницы и всех объектов на ней: счетчиков, картинок и т.п.

Событие onDOMContentLoaded - гораздо лучший выбор в 99% случаев. Это событие срабатывает, как только готов DOM документ, до загрузки картинок и других не влияющих на структуру документа объектов.

Это очень удобно, т.к. картинки могут загружаться долго, а обработчик onDOMContentLoaded может произвести необходимые изменения на странице и инициализацию интерфейсов тут же, не дожидаясь загрузки всего.

Для добавления обработчика можно использовать следующий кроссбраузерный код:

function bindReady(handler){

	var called = false

	function ready() { // (1)
		if (called) return
		called = true
		handler()
	}

	if ( document.addEventListener ) { // (2)
		document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function(){
			ready()
		}, false )
	} else if ( document.attachEvent ) {  // (3)

		// (3.1)
		if ( document.documentElement.doScroll && window == window.top ) {
			function tryScroll(){
				if (called) return
				if (!document.body) return
				try {
					document.documentElement.doScroll("left")
					ready()
				} catch(e) {
					setTimeout(tryScroll, 0)
				}
			}
			tryScroll()
		}

		// (3.2)
		document.attachEvent("onreadystatechange", function(){

			if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) {
				ready()
			}
		})
	}

	// (4)
    if (window.addEventListener)
        window.addEventListener('load', ready, false)
    else if (window.attachEvent)
        window.attachEvent('onload', ready)
    /*  else  // (4.1)
        window.onload=ready
	*/
}
readyList = []

function onReady(handler) {

	if (!readyList.length) {
		bindReady(function() {
			for(var i=0; i<readyList.length; i++) {
				readyList[i]()
			}
		})
	}

	readyList.push(handler)
}

Использование:

onReady(function() {
  // ... 
})

Подробное описание функций bindReady, onReady и принципы их работы вы можете почерпнуть в статье Кроссбраузерное событие onDOMContentLoaded.

Изначально не написана никем конкретно. Многие разработчики писали свои собственные версии и ничья не показала себя лучше остальных.

Следующая функция использует встроенный метод getElementsByClass, если он есть, и ищет элементы самостоятельно в тех браузерах, где этого метода нет.

if(document.getElementsByClassName) {

	getElementsByClass = function(classList, node) {    
		return (node || document).getElementsByClassName(classList)
	}

} else {

	getElementsByClass = function(classList, node) {			
		var node = node || document,
		list = node.getElementsByTagName('*'), 
		length = list.length,  
		classArray = classList.split(/\s+/), 
		classes = classArray.length, 
		result = [], i,j
		for(i = 0; i < length; i++) {
			for(j = 0; j < classes; j++)  {
				if(list[i].className.search('\\b' + classArray[j] + '\\b') != -1) {
					result.push(list[i])
					break
				}
			}
		}
	
		return result
	}
}
classList
Список классов, разделенный пробелами, элементы с которыми нужно искать.
node
Контекст поиска, внутри какого узла искать

Например:

var div = document.getElementById("mydiv")
elements = getElementsByClass('class1 class2', div)

Следующие две функции добавляют и удаляют класс DOM элемента.

function addClass(o, c){
    var re = new RegExp("(^|\\s)" + c + "(\\s|$)", "g")
    if (re.test(o.className)) return
    o.className = (o.className + " " + c).replace(/\s+/g, " ").replace(/(^ | $)/g, "")
}
 
function removeClass(o, c){
    var re = new RegExp("(^|\\s)" + c + "(\\s|$)", "g")
    o.className = o.className.replace(re, "$1").replace(/\s+/g, " ").replace(/(^ | $)/g, "")
}

Если быть честным, наверное для этой функции существует больше различных вариантов, чем было бы нужно.

Этот вариант никоим образом он не претендует на звание универсальной функции-"переключателя", но он выполняет основную функциональность показывания и спрятывания.

function toggle(el) {
    el.style.display = (el.style.display == 'none') ? '' : 'none'
}

Обратите внимание, в функции нет ни слова про display='block', вместо этого используется пустое значение display=''. Пустое значение означает сброс свойства, т.е. свойство возвращается к значению, указанному в CSS.

Таким образом, если значение display для данного элемента, взятое из CSS - none (элемент спрятан по умолчанию), то эта функция toggle не будет работать.

Этот вариант функции toggle красив и прост, однако этот и некоторые другие недостатки делают его недостаточно универсальным. Более правильный вариант toggle, а также функции show и hide описаны в статье Правильные show/hide/toggle.

Как и getElementsByClass, этой функции почему-то нет в стандарте DOM. Возможно, чтобы избежать дублирования функционала, т.к. insertAfter реализуется всего одной строчкой.

function insertAfter(parent, node, referenceNode) {
	parent.insertBefore(node, referenceNode.nextSibling);
}

Очень жаль, что это не часть встроенной функциональности DOM. Зато теперь у нас есть возможность всё время вставлять такие вот замечания!

Для поиска эта функция использует проверку ===, которая осуществляет поиск по точному сравнению, без приведения типов.

Метод Array.prototype.indexOf поддерживается не во всех браузерах, поэтому используется, если существует.

inArray = Array.prototype.indexOf ?
    function (arr, val) {
        return arr.indexOf(val) != -1
    } :
    function (arr, val) {
        var i = arr.length
        while (i--) {
            if (arr[i] === val) return true
        }
        return false
    }

В javascript нет способа нормально работать с cookie без дополнительных функций. Не знаю, кто проектировал document.cookie, но сделано на редкость убого.

Поэтому следующие функции или их аналоги просто необходимы.

// возвращает cookie если есть или undefined
function getCookie(name) {
	var matches = document.cookie.match(new RegExp(
	  "(?:^|; )" + name.replace(/([\.$?*|{}\(\)\[\]\\\/\+^])/g, '\\$1') + "=([^;]*)"
	))
	return matches ? decodeURIComponent(matches[1]) : undefined 
}

// уcтанавливает cookie
function setCookie(name, value, props) {
	props = props || {}
	var exp = props.expires
	if (typeof exp == "number" && exp) {
		var d = new Date()
		d.setTime(d.getTime() + exp*1000)
		exp = props.expires = d
	}
	if(exp && exp.toUTCString) { props.expires = exp.toUTCString() }

	value = encodeURIComponent(value)
	var updatedCookie = name + "=" + value
	for(var propName in props){
		updatedCookie += "; " + propName
		var propValue = props[propName]
		if(propValue !== true){ updatedCookie += "=" + propValue }
	}
	document.cookie = updatedCookie

}

// удаляет cookie
function deleteCookie(name) {
	setCookie(name, null, { expires: -1 })
}

Аргументы:

name
название cookie
value
значение cookie (строка)
props
Объект с дополнительными свойствами для установки cookie:

expires
Время истечения cookie. Интерпретируется по-разному, в зависимости от типа:

  • Если число - количество секунд до истечения.
  • Если объект типа Date - точная дата истечения.
  • Если expires в прошлом, то cookie будет удалено.
  • Если expires отсутствует или равно 0, то cookie будет установлено как сессионное и исчезнет при закрытии браузера.
path
Путь для cookie.
domain
Домен для cookie.
secure
Пересылать cookie только по защищенному соединению.

Она позволяет функции работать одинаково при передаче DOM-узла или его id.

function byId(node) {
        return typeof node == 'string' ? document.getElementById(node) : node
}

Используется просто:

function hide(node) {
    node = byId(node)
    node.style.display = 'none'
}

function animateHide(node)
   node = byId(node)
   something(node)
   hide(node)
}

Здесь обе функции полиморфны, допускают и узел и его id, что довольно удобно, т.к. позволяет не делать лишних преобразований node <-> id.


Надеюсь, этот небольшой и удобный список JavaScript-функций будет столь же полезен вам, сколь он полезен мне.


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